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\begin{document}
\title{
  Instructions for Readers\\
  {\it The Chicago Journal of\\ Theoretical Computer Science}\\
  The MIT Press
}

\author{
  Michael J.\ O'Donnell\\
  The University of Chicago\\
  \texttt{odonnell@cs.uchicago.edu}
}

\date{Revised 1 January 1997}

\maketitle

The \emph{Chicago Journal of Theoretical Computer Science} is a
peer-reviewed scholarly journal in theoretical computer science.
Articles are submitted and published in \LaTeX\ source form, and
distributed internationally over the InterNet. Articles are augmented
by refereed forward references to improvements and subsequent related
work. Readers may obtain articles through \emph{FTP} and \emph{HTTP}
(\emph{World Wide Web}). Other widely used network tools will be
supported as they arise in the future. The \emph{Journal} is
committed to minimizing publication delays, and to promoting maximum
flexibility in the ways that readers use the journal for teaching,
research, and scholarship. Readers' license is limited only as
required to insure fair attribution to authors and the journal, and to
prohibit use in a competing commercial product. Readers may use
preformatted PostScript versions of articles, or they may do custom
information processing and display from the \LaTeX\ source.

\section{Please Subscribe}
Readers of the \emph{Chicago Journal} must subscribe in order to
enjoy legitimate access to published articles. MIT Press and the
editors have decided not to invest effort in technical devices to
prevent nonsubscribers from reading articles, because we prefer to
employ our time producing the best possible product for subscribers,
and because most devices for preventing illegitimate access also
degrade legitimate access. We depend on the honesty of readers in
order to collect the subscription fees that are necessary to support
the operations of the journal. As a nonsubscriber, it is reasonable to
inspect the materials in the journal, in the same spirit that you
would inspect a magazine at the news-stand before deciding whether to
purchase it. But, as soon as you decide to employ journal articles in
your work or studies, you should subscribe (\$30 per year), or even
better persuade your library to subscribe (\$125 per year).
Instructions for subscribing are available at all of the information
servers in Section~\ref{sec:more-info}. If another category of
subscription appears useful to you, please propose it.

\section{How Not to Read These Instructions}
If you are a subscriber, and you only want to read an individual
article in a preformatted layout, and you know the directory where the
article is stored, just print or view the only file with the suffix
``\texttt{.ps}'' using your favorite PostScript processor. If you are
contemplating anything more sophisticated, you may need to read on.

\section{Rights of Subscribers}
As a subscriber, or member of a subscribing library, you have very
liberal rights to use articles published in the \emph{Chicago Journal.}
You may use articles from previous years, as well as those published
in the year of your subscription. In the distant future, if very old
articles must be archived offline for efficiency, there may be an
additional charge to cover the cost of retrieving old articles. In the
foreseeable future, all published articles will be available online.

\subsection*{Legitimate Uses of Published Articles}
Over the years and centuries, society has developed a certain amount
of consensus about the reasonable use of printed texts. It is probably
impossible to lay out precise rules for the use of published
electronic texts, but common sense reasoning in good faith should
carry us a long way. Many principles carry over from printed text to
electronic text, as long as those principles are expressed in terms of
the transactions that take place between authors, editors, publishers,
readers, and the information in the text, rather than in terms of
physical operations on the presentation of the text. For example, the
act of \emph{reading} a text carries over fairly well, but the act of
\emph{copying,} which is well-defined for printed text, is not at all
clear for electronic text. The act of \emph{formatting} a text into a
particular visual layout carries over from print to electronics, but
because it requires much less capital equipment in the electronic
form, it may often be done by readers instead of publishers.

In general, as a subscriber to the \emph{Chicago Journal,} you have the
right to use published articles in any way whose primary intention and
effect is to further your own research or studies. You must not use
articles in order to mislead others about the views or competence of
the author, nor as part of a commercial product unless authorized by MIT
Press. For example, you may
\begin{itemize}
  \item read articles directly from the official journal servers, or
    from any other server that grants you access
  \item copy articles to your own file space for temporary use
  \item form your own permanent archive of articles, which you may
    keep even after your subscription lapses
  \item display articles in the ways most convenient to you---on your
    computer, printed on paper, converted to spoken form, whatever
  \item apply agreeable typographical styles from any source to lay
    out and display articles (see Section~\ref{sec:formatting})
  \item apply any information retrieval, information processing, and
    browsing software from any source to aid your study of articles
  \item convert articles to other formats from the \LaTeX\ and
    PostScript forms on the official servers
  \item share copies of articles with other subscribers
  \item share copies of articles with nonsubscribing collaborators
    \emph{as a direct part of your collaborative study or research}
\end{itemize}
The last item particularly depends on your good faith and discretion
as a reader. It is intended to allow the natural sort of working
together that you might do with either a printed or an electronically
presented article. It is not intended to convert every individual
subscription into a large group subscription. If your collaborator
wants to make substantial independent use of articles, she should
subscribe. If you want to use entire articles in teaching a class, the
class should subscribe---of course if your library subscribes then
your students are included in that subscription. Every copy that you
make of an article or an article fragment (not including purely
temporary copies that constitute intermediate steps in processing
articles for display or other purposes) must preserve the author's
name, title, journal name, publisher, and copyright statement.

\section{What is a Published Article?}
The definitive version of an article published in the \emph{Chicago
Journal of Theoretical Computer Science} is a \LaTeX\ source file
containing the text of the article, an accompanying \BIBTeX\ source
file containing the bibliography, and optional encapsulated PostScript
files containing drawings included in the article. The journal's copy
editors prepare the source files for each article to present the
logical structure of the article as clearly as possible, so as to
maximize portability of the text, and to facilitate future development
of browsing interfaces and information retrieval applications.
Precompiled PostScript translations are provided for readers who
cannot format \LaTeX, or do not wish to, but the \LaTeX\ source is the
definitive copy.

\subsection*{Reader-Powered Publication}
Electronically published journals have used a variety of different
publication formats, including bitmapped page images, PostScript page
layouts, typographical formats such as \LaTeX, plain ASCII, and
special proprietary formats closely integrated with browsing and
information-retrieval software. Each of these choices favors different
qualities of publication---for example, bitmaps, PostScript, and some
proprietary formats give authors and publishers maximum control over
the beauty of the final display, while plain ASCII requires the
minimum equipment and skill on the part of the reader, etc. The
publication format of the \emph{Chicago Journal} is intended to
maximize \emph{readers' power} to use articles in whatever ways they
find most productive. The problem is that we cannot anticipate
precisely what readers will do, but we should assume at least that
they display articles in a wide variety of typographical formats
suited to their equipment, their paper or screen size, and their
eyesight, and that they apply browsing and information-retrieval
software acquired from other suppliers than MIT Press. To stretch our
imaginations a bit, there is already experimental software providing
audio browsing of
\LaTeX\ documents.

The way to maximize the power of readers in the long run, without
precise knowledge of reader behavior, is to represent the logical
structure of articles in the most transparent and easily parsable way
that we can manage. SGML was designed precisely for this task, but it
can also be done satisfactorily with a disciplined use of
\LaTeX. Furthermore, \LaTeX\ supports the representation of
mathematical formulae fairly well, and most of our reader and author
community already has the software to typeset and display \LaTeX. But,
maximum power and flexibility for readers demands a certain amount of
standardization in the \emph{source} format of articles. Readers, and
particularly readers' software packages, must be able to parse
important components, such as sectional units, paragraphs, sentences,
displayed subtexts such as theorems, easily and unambiguously. To
provide this uniform clarity in the \LaTeX\ source, copy editors must
polish authors' manuscripts into a disciplined subset of \LaTeX.

\section{How to Cite Articles}
The source code for every published article contains a standard
bibliographical citation to the article in \BIBTeX\ form. If you are
citing the article in another document prepared with \LaTeX, please
copy that standard citation unchanged, or with the least change
necessary to satisfy the stylistic requirements of your publisher.
When quoting passages from articles, please copy directly from the
\LaTeX\ source as much as possible. The \LaTeX\ source publication
format for the \emph{Chicago Journal} has all landmarks such as
section numbers written in explicitly, rather than produced
dynamically by \texttt{latex}, so if you quote published material in
another \LaTeX-formatted document it is easy to maintain perfect
accuracy. You may load, or copy selected definitions from, the freely
distributed style file \texttt{cjstruct.cls}
order to process the special macros used in published articles
(authors note---these macros are introduced during copy editing, so
you need not be concerned about them).

When referring to specific portions of the text of a published article
in the \emph{Chicago Journal,} please be careful to use robust and
portable landmarks. In particular, \emph{do not refer to page numbers.}
Page numbers are ephemeral in \emph{Chicago Journal} aricles---they
are reassigned dynamically for the convenience of the reader each time
an article is formatted, but they have no permanence and no meaning.
Instead of page numbers, refer to sectional units, definitions,
theorems, lemmas, etc., by their numbers. If you need to specify finer
grains, you may use short quotes, or the standardized paragraph
numbers in the \LaTeX\ source (these are often not printed, but see
\texttt{\ttbs parnumstrue} below). If you really want to refer to
sentences, they are marked unambiguously in the \LaTeX\ source by the
macros \texttt{\ttbs @} (for sentences ending in punctuation) or
\texttt{\ttbs sentence} (when there is no terminating punctuation). Sentence
numbers are not written into the source, but you may count from the
beginnings of paragraphs. There are more cases than you might think in
which one sentence contains another, so at this level of reference
short quotes often provide the clearest pointers.

If you are confused about how to cite, quote, and refer to articles
clearly and precisely, please contact me.

\section{How to Read Articles}

\subsection{Structure of the Information Servers}
Articles in the \emph{Chicago Journal of Theoretical Computer
Science} are published one at a time, to minimize delays. They are
collected into volumes, labelled by the calendar year of publication.
Within each volume, articles are numbered sequentially. The official
information servers carrying the \emph{Chicago Journal} have a
directory for each volume, containing a subdirectory for each article.
Within the subdirectory for an article, it is convenient to use a
systematic assignment of file names for the several files associated
with an article. For example, consider the fictitious 12th article
published in the year 1993 (the first article, in fact, was published
in 1995). The required files defining the article are
\renewcommand{\tabbingsep}{0ex}
\begin{tabbing}
  \indent\texttt{cj93-12.}\=\texttt{tex}\indent\indent\=\kill
  \> \texttt{cj93-12.}\'\texttt{tex} \>
        definitive \LaTeX\ source for the article body \\
  \> \texttt{cj93-12.}\'\texttt{bib} \>
        \BIBTeX\ source for the bibliography \\[2ex]
\parbox{\textwidth}{In addition, if Figures 3, 4, and 7, and Tables 1
and 3, are presented in encapsulated PostScript form, those files are}
\\[2ex]
  \> \texttt{c9312f3.}\'\texttt{eps} \> encapsulated PostScript for Figure 3 \\
  \> \texttt{c9312f4.}\'\texttt{eps} \> encapsulated PostScript for Figure 4 \\
  \> \texttt{c9312f7.}\'\texttt{eps} \> encapsulated PostScript for Figure 7 \\
  \> \texttt{c9312t1.}\'\texttt{eps} \> encapsulated PostScript for Table 1 \\
  \> \texttt{c9312t3.}\'\texttt{eps} \> encapsulated PostScript for Table 3 \\[2ex]
\parbox{\textwidth}{Other figures and tables may be represented
directly in the \LaTeX\ source. The files described above constitute
the definitive permanent text of Volume 1993, Article 12.  A
preformatted PostScript version is provided as a convenience with the
name} \\[2ex]
  \> \texttt{cj93-12.}\'\texttt{ps} \>
        preformatted PostScript version of the entire article \\[2ex]
\parbox{\textwidth}{An experimental preformatted audio version of the
article in 8,000 Hz 8-bit $\mu$-law encoding is provided as} \\[2ex]
  \> \texttt{cj93-12.}\'\texttt{au} \>
        preformatted audio version of the entire article
\end{tabbing}
(the audio feature is under development).

\subsection{Formatting and Displaying Articles}
The simplest way to read articles from the \emph{Chicago Journal} is
to display the preformatted PostScript version supplied with each
article, either on a graphics screen, using a viewer such as
\texttt{ghostview}, or printed on paper using any PostScript printer and
driving software. If you read articles this way, please be aware that,
unlike an article printed in a paper journal, the specific layout in
the PostScript version has no permanence. In particular, you should
\emph{not} refer to typographical ephemera, such as page numbers, in
written references to articles. Instead, use the permanent numbers of
sectional units and other subtexts, such as theorems. If you prefer to
read aurally, you may play the experimental audio version of the
article through appropriate audio output software and devices. The
PostScript and audio versions are not guaranteed to be archived
permanently. They will be provided as long as they seem to be
sufficiently valuable as conveniences to readers who cannot or do not
care to produce their own layouts.

\subsubsection*{Custom Formatting}
\label{sec:formatting}
Instead of reading the preformatted PostScript or audio version of an
article, you may present the article in whatever layout is most
convenient for your own research or study. The \LaTeX\ source format
for the journal has been designed to make it as convenient as possible
for you to customize the layout without accidentally changing the
contents of the article. Essentially, you may apply any \LaTeX\ style
definitions, acquired from others or of your own invention, to produce
a convenient display. This is possible without \emph{any} editing of
the definitive text of the article, as represented in the \texttt{*.tex},
\texttt{*.bib}, and \texttt{*.eps} files described above. Since \TeX\ is a
powerful and general programming language, something called a ``style
definition'' might in principle change the text arbitrarily,
substituting entirely different material. It is your responsibility as
a reader not to distort the author's meaning by processing an article
in a misleading way through a ``style definition.'' In practice, this
is no more subtle than your responsibility not to misattribute ideas
in print.

In order to format \emph{Chicago Journal} articles on your own, you
need:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item an installation of \LaTeX,
  \item the \LaTeX\ style file \texttt{cjstruct.cls},
  \item for many articles, one or more of the \AmS\ style definitions
    for mathematical formulae.
\end{enumerate}
All of the style definitions are distributed for free on
the same official information servers that hold journal
articles. Otherwise, you will start with the standard \LaTeX\
\texttt{article} style, and customize from there. All \LaTeX\ source for
published journal articles uses the \texttt{cjstruct} style. The
definition of this ``style'' does very little in the way of stylistic
layout; rather, it translates from an unambiguous markup of the
logical structure of the text into the macro calls expected by the
\texttt{article} style.  The \texttt{cjstruct} style
definition reads in reader-defined options and other style definitions
to determine most of the layout style. Any layout style set in
\texttt{cjstruct} may be superseded by reader definitions.

To format a \emph{Chicago Journal} article you need to establish all
of the defining files for the article in a directory that you may
write in, and run \LaTeX\ once, then \BIBTeX\ once, then \LaTeX\ twice
more. If you find this sequence annoying, you may try the UNIX utility
\texttt{latexmk}, available from the official information servers.

The two vehicles for reader customization are files named
\texttt{cjropts.tex} and \texttt{cjrdefs.tex}, defined by you and read in by
\texttt{cjstruct}. \texttt{cjropts.tex} is read near the beginning of
processing, and is the best place to accomplish simple customizations:
to choose a main \LaTeX\ style other than the default
\texttt{article}; to provide style options, such as point sizes; to set
style parameters, such as page length and width; to select or suppress
optional features in the article, such as author information, table of
figures, paragraph numbers. \texttt{cjrdefs.tex} is read near the end of
processing, just before the options to the main \LaTeX\ style. Your
definitions in \texttt{cjrdefs.tex} override everything that came before.

\paragraph{Simple Customization with \texttt{cjropts.tex}.}
The default style is \texttt{article}, which is found with essentially
every \LaTeX\ installation. To select a style other than the default,
put a line of the form
\begin{quote}
 \texttt{\ttbs rstyle=\{}\emph{style-name}\texttt{\}}
\end{quote}
in your \texttt{cjropts.tex} file. To provide options to that style, put
in a line of the form
\begin{quote}
  \texttt{\ttbs roptions=\{}\emph{option-list}\texttt{\}}
\end{quote}
where \emph{option-list} is a list of options separated by commas.
When you run \texttt{latex}, the article will be formatted as if it began
with the line
\begin{quote}
  \texttt{\ttbs documentstyle[}\emph{option-list}\texttt{]\{}
    \emph{style-name}\texttt{\}}
\end{quote}
or, if you are using \LaTeXtwoe, with
\begin{quote}
  \texttt{\ttbs documentclass[}\emph{option-list}\texttt{]\{}
    \emph{style-name}\texttt{\}}
\end{quote}
Any style that uses the same command names as \texttt{article} should work,
but styles with different commands, such as \texttt{amsart}, will not.
Many useful options are compatible with \texttt{cjstruct}, but a few,
such as \texttt{leqno}, are not.

You may also set normal \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ style parameters, such as
\texttt{\ttbs textwidth}, in \texttt{cjropts.tex}, just as you would in your
own \LaTeX\ source file. In addition, there are some special style
parameters defined by \texttt{cjstruct.cls}:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \texttt{\ttbs infotrue} causes administrative information about
    the authors and the paper to be listed at the beginning of the
    paper (default \texttt{\ttbs infofalse});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs contentsfalse} suppresses the table of contents
    (default \texttt{\ttbs contentstrue});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs listfigsfalse} suppresses the list of figures
    (default \texttt{\ttbs listfigstrue});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs listtabsfalse} suppresses the list of tables
    (default \texttt{\ttbs listtabstrue});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs listthmsfalse} suppresses the list of theorems,
    definitions, and similar labelled subtexts (default \texttt{\ttbs
    listthmstrue});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs listeqnstrue} causes a list of numbered equations
    to be formatted in the head matter (default \texttt{\ttbs listeqnsfalse});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs abstractonlytrue} suppresses everything after the
    abstract, and also the table of contents, list of figures, etc.
    (default \texttt{\ttbs abstractonlyfalse});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs parnumstrue} causes paragraph numbers to be
    formatted in the margin as landmarks for references (default
    \texttt{\ttbs parnumsfalse});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs renewcommand\{\ttbs parnumstyle\}\{}
    \emph{your-style}\texttt{\}} redefines the style for paragraph numbers
    (default \texttt{\ttbs tiny\ttbs it});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs renewcommand\{\ttbs parnumsep\}\{}
    \emph{your-sep}\texttt{\}} redefines the separator between paragraph
    numbers and the margin (default \texttt{\ttbs hspace\{3em\}});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs renewcommand\{\ttbs secnumsep\}\{}
    \emph{your-sep}\texttt{\}} redefines the separator between section numbers
    and section titles (default \texttt{\ttbs hspace\{1em\}});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs renewcommand\{\ttbs floatnumsep\}\{}
    \emph{your-sep}\texttt{\}} redefines the separator between figure/table numbers
    and their titles (default \texttt{\ttbs hspace\{1em\}});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs rbibstyle=\{}\emph{your-bib-style}\texttt{\}} selects a
    style for the bibliography (default \texttt{alpha});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs includeepsfalse} prevents inclusion of encapsulated
    PostScript pictures, and leaves blank spaces for the figures in
    case you want to cut and paste (default \texttt{\ttbs includeepstrue});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs epssupport=\{}\emph{eps-support-file}\texttt{\}} selects
    a file of definitions to support inclusion of encapsulated
    PostScript (default \texttt{epsf.sty});
  \item \texttt{\ttbs renewcommand\{\ttbs epsmagnification\}\{}
    \emph{your-mag}\texttt{\}} selects a magnification factor for scaling all
    encapsulated PostScript inclusions, presumably to fit a small page
    format (default \texttt{1.0});
\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Advanced Customization with \texttt{cjrdefs.tex}.}

In \texttt{cjrdefs.tex} you may over-ride any definitions in
\texttt{cjstruct.cls} and the main \LaTeX\ style that you chose by setting
\texttt{\ttbs rstyle} as described above. If you are \TeX pert enough to
be performing advanced customization, your best source of information
is the documented source for \texttt{cjstruct.cls} and the other style
file that you have chosen. Due to the order in which \LaTeX\ reads
style definitions, the files associated with any \emph{options} that
you select by setting \texttt{\ttbs roptions} are read in after
\texttt{cjrdefs.tex}, and those definitions will over-ride yours. To enjoy the
truly last word, you may read in option files explicitly, using
\texttt{\ttbs input} commands in either \texttt{cjropts.tex} or
\texttt{cjrdefs.tex}. Or, you may create an option file of your own, say
\texttt{myopt.sty}, and make it the last option mentioned when you define
\texttt{\ttbs roptions}. Such a personal \texttt{*.sty} file has the additional
advantage of access to macros with occurrences of the ``@'' character
in their names.

\paragraph{Editing the \LaTeX\ Source of an Article.} As much as
possible, avoid editing the \LaTeX\ source code of an article. You
should be able to achieve most any stylistic customization by
appropriate entries in your own \texttt{cjropts.tex} and
\texttt{cjrdefs.tex} files. The only obvious reason for editing the article
source is to quote a short passage in another work---for this purpose
you should use your favorite editor program to copy in the simplest
and most direct way possible, and either load or copy selected
definitions from the \texttt{cjstruct.cls} style
file to interpret the macros in the quoted portions. In particular,
\emph{you should not replace the specially defined numbering commands
with the corresponding \LaTeX\ commands} (e.g., you should not
replace \texttt{\ttbs asection} with \texttt{\ttbs section}) because then
\texttt{latex} will renumber sectional units and other subtexts whose
identifying numbers are intended as standardized landmarks for
reference into the article. If you think that you need to edit article
source in any more radical way than excerpting a quote, please contact
me for an alternative solution.

\section{For More Information}
\label{sec:more-info}
More information and various materials associated with the
\emph{Chicago Journal} are available through
\begin{itemize}
  \item \emph{World Wide Web} to MIT Press (for example, using \emph{Mosaic})
    \begin{itemize}
      \item use URL \texttt{http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/jrnls-catalog/science-toc.html}
    \end{itemize}
    \emph{World Wide Web} to U.\ Chicago
    \begin{itemize}
      \item use URL \texttt{http://cs-www.uchicago.edu/publications/cjtcs}
    \end{itemize}
  \item Anonymous \emph{ftp} to MIT Press
    \begin{itemize}
      \item connect to \texttt{mitpress.mit.edu}
      \item login as \texttt{anonymous}
      \item change directory to \texttt{pub/CJTCS}
    \end{itemize}
    Anonymous \emph{ftp} to U.\ Chicago
    \begin{itemize}
      \item connect to \texttt{cs.uchicago.edu}
      \item login as \texttt{anonymous}
      \item change directory to \texttt{pub/publications/cjtcs}
    \end{itemize}
  \item Network mail to \texttt{chicago-journal@cs.uchicago.edu} and
    \texttt{journals-info@mit.edu}.
\end{itemize}

\end{document}